Profit sharing Essay Example

Profit sharing Essay Whichever programme is taken most of the training will take place on the shop floor. The experience of working in more than one selling department is given, as well as in some behind-the-scenes functions such as finance and the supply chain. Practical training will be supplemented by formal training sessions. These may include personal coaching, help from subject experts, a specific training course and easy-to-use training resources. There are no prescribed time limits to complete the programme, but a target date will be made by the manager and staff trainer. Regular progress meetings will allow quality time to discuss achievements and any areas for development. Training in John Lewis is also quite good: giving different types of training for people and also no specific time is given for most of the program, making it more convenient for the employee’s as well as people who might want a career in John Lewis receives and also the people who are going to work for a short period of time or students applying for work experience or only working in their vacation gets a different type of training which is better since it saves time and money but on the other hand it also is a disadvantage since the people applying for a short time will have a different place and different people to teach them therefore this also wastes time and money. Motivation The Human resource department is also responsible for motivating the employees. Motivation is the desire of an individual to work and to get involved in activities. Money, and the way it is pa id, can affect motivation to work. We will write a custom essay sample on Profit sharing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Profit sharing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Profit sharing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These are some of the most usual payment systems: Time rate or ‘wages’ Paying by the number of hours worked. Piece rate Paying by the number of items (pieces) produced. Overtime Extra pay for work done over and above normal working hours. It is usually paid at a higher hourly rate, e. g. double time means twice the normal hourly rate. Shift payments Usually paid for working unsocial hours such as night work. Bonus payments A special single payment for achieving a target. Profit sharing A percentage of the company’s profit is shared amongst the workers. A loyalty bonus can be used to persuade workers to stay with their employer for a long period of time. Employees may not want to work longer than their contracted hours but they can often be persuaded to do so by receiving a higher rate of pay. A perk is a payment in kind; instead of giving money the employer might provide: Cars, health insurance, free uniform, discounted products, and first class travel. Most people work to satisfy needs of one kind or another. Non-financial motivators are things other than money that motivate people to work. Abraham Maslow developed his hierarchy of needs based on research about what motivates people to work. He suggested that there were 5 levels of need that influence a person’s behavior. 1. Basic needs – A person starts at the bottom of the hierarchy and will initially seek to satisfy basic needs (e. g. food, shelter). 2. Safety needs – Safety needs at work could include physical safety (e. g. protective clothing) as well as protection against unemployment, loss of income through sickness etc). 3. Social needs – Social needs recognize that most people want to belong to a group. These would include the need for love and belonging (e. g. working with colleague who support you at work, teamwork, communication) 4. Self-esteem needs – Esteem needs are about being given recognition for a job well done. They reflect the fact that many people seek the esteem and respect of others. A promotion at work might achieve this 5. Self-actualization – Self-actualization is about how people think about themselves – this is often measured by the extent of success and/or challenge at work People are only truly motivated by enabling them to reach for and satisfy the factors that Herzberg identified as real motivators, such as personal growth, development, etc. , which represent a far deeper level of meaning and fulfillment.

Free Essays on The Safety and Health Manager and Function

THE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGER AND FUNCTION; HAZARD AVOIDANCE Regardless of the occupation an individual chooses, safety and health will always be a concern. The severity of the concern is dictated by the danger entailed within a particular occupation. Whether the danger is small or large, measures to protect the worker need to be put into place, and practiced. Responsibility for personal safety cannot be solely placed on the individual. The safety and health manager is needed to help facilitate worker protection from hazards. Of course the main objective is to keep individuals in the workplace safe as well as healthy, but there are also regulations that must be followed; regulations that were put into place with a goal of protecting the worker. The safety and health manager also has an important role in ensuring these regulations are enforced and upheld. Of course each firm has unique programs to deal with safety and health issue. This paper will discuss the various aspects of safety and health within the Rockford Illinois attachment of Cadbu ry Adams; from an interview conducted with Ms. Robin Sullivan, the Safety Manager. Cadbury Adams, which is a U.S. subsidiary of a British company Cadbury Schweppes (Hoovers Online, 2004) and is a confectionary manufacturer. The Rockford based detachment of Cadbury Adams produces products such as chewing gum, gum base, as well as encapsulated sweeteners. They are commonly known for the productions of such products as Bubblicious, Dentyne, Chicklets and Halls cough drops. The Cadbury Adams firm employs about 850 personnel, 200 of which are employed through a temporary service (R. Sullivan, personal communication, August 20, 2004). The average worker’s workweek for this firm is a 5-day a week 40 hours per day schedule, but with the current production demands, many departments have a 6 to 7 day workweek (R. Sullivan, personal communication, August 20, 2004). With 850 employees engaged in a nume... Free Essays on The Safety and Health Manager and Function Free Essays on The Safety and Health Manager and Function THE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGER AND FUNCTION; HAZARD AVOIDANCE Regardless of the occupation an individual chooses, safety and health will always be a concern. The severity of the concern is dictated by the danger entailed within a particular occupation. Whether the danger is small or large, measures to protect the worker need to be put into place, and practiced. Responsibility for personal safety cannot be solely placed on the individual. The safety and health manager is needed to help facilitate worker protection from hazards. Of course the main objective is to keep individuals in the workplace safe as well as healthy, but there are also regulations that must be followed; regulations that were put into place with a goal of protecting the worker. The safety and health manager also has an important role in ensuring these regulations are enforced and upheld. Of course each firm has unique programs to deal with safety and health issue. This paper will discuss the various aspects of safety and health within the Rockford Illinois attachment of Cadbu ry Adams; from an interview conducted with Ms. Robin Sullivan, the Safety Manager. Cadbury Adams, which is a U.S. subsidiary of a British company Cadbury Schweppes (Hoovers Online, 2004) and is a confectionary manufacturer. The Rockford based detachment of Cadbury Adams produces products such as chewing gum, gum base, as well as encapsulated sweeteners. They are commonly known for the productions of such products as Bubblicious, Dentyne, Chicklets and Halls cough drops. The Cadbury Adams firm employs about 850 personnel, 200 of which are employed through a temporary service (R. Sullivan, personal communication, August 20, 2004). The average worker’s workweek for this firm is a 5-day a week 40 hours per day schedule, but with the current production demands, many departments have a 6 to 7 day workweek (R. Sullivan, personal communication, August 20, 2004). With 850 employees engaged in a nume...

Admission Essay (Robin_Kim)

There are many incidents that continue to shape and guide us in our everyday endeavors. Each one helps us understand the complexities that life has to offer and at the same time provide us with an insight that challenges and hurdles may come along the way. As these events continue to shape us, it also bestows on us the skills to make us competent in our own respective fields. With this thing in mind, I would like to present my intention to apply in the foodservice and hospitality field. Though I do not have a particular person who has influenced my life, I believe that it is my experience and the intention to serve is the main reason behind this application. My understanding of service had contributed to this passion and intention to be educated and learn the necessary skills to be competent in my area. Moreover, I feel motivated and inspired by seeing people enjoying their time whenever a good service is provided. It is in here, that I absorbed the real elements of every service-oriented business; making customers happy and contented. Looking back at my education, even if I was not able to finish my bachelor’s degree in both fashion school and graphic design school, I considered it as a good training ground towards this application. With these, I can say that I have been blessed with a good creative mind that can facilitate for a good career in hospitality and foodservice field. I’ve have always known I would be involved with the creative aspect of things that is why I chose majoring in baking and pastries. In addition, I intend to be part of a beautiful, pretty, high quality product that will make people happy when they see it. Lastly, I intend to help people feel better and enjoy themselves, forget about worries and problems and enjoy the decadence of my creations. Also, I believe I have the necessary competence that can help me in this degree. I consider communication to be a vital part in the overall facilitation of service. With this, I had immersed myself in improving this skill to better adapt to the challenges in the profession. Demonstrating initiative and confidence in both individual and team-based environment is another condition that every student must be familiar of. By having this capability, each one can handle the relative setbacks given in the field. Lastly, I have the necessary proactive and tenacious approach to handle the complexities of projects and programs. The willingness to learn has been an important attribute towards achieving all these proficiencies. In the future, with this degree I hope I can contribute to the betterment of individuals by imparting to others the relevant concepts and theories that I had learned. With teaching, I aspire to give students the ability to understand the tenets of service and at the same time learn in the process. On the other hand, I also wish to be part of a restaurant family. It is in here that I can be included in a group where I shall use all my abilities for its relevant growth and development. Lastly, I wish to include the poor and needy in my profession. Relentless serving is only half-hearted if the intention is only focused on people I am comfortable at or to those who can afford. By also concentrating my profession towards charitable work, I can actively bridge the increasing gap between to the rich and poor. With all of these mentioned, I do hope you consider my application. With your capabilities, I can be trained and honed to adapt to the changing trends in today’s society. By doing this, not only can I improve as a professional but seek to provide a holistic growth as a servant for other people. My name is Robin Kim; an individual inspired by his experiences and ready to overcome all the obstacles and challenges this degree can give.

Community Reinvestment Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community Reinvestment Act - Essay Example Bylsma (1997) included comments from interagency letter that was forwarded to him this implication: "Examiners will presume that an activity revitalizes or stabilizes a low- or moderate-income geography if the activity has been approved by the governing board of an Although the four financial regulatory agencies neither endorse nor certify particular lending or investment products, this implication keeps businesses that are applying for credit accountable to the banking institutions. Banking institutions carry a burden too and are held accountable to the community and said geography. Banks must help meet the credit needs of their communities. There are many federal regulations that the banking institutions must meet. These include, but are definitely performance tests, standards, and ratings; lending tests; investment tests; strategic planning; data collection, reporting, and disclosure; content and availability for public file, etc. Having stated this, banking institutions are being held accountable to their communities. I do not think the Community Reinvestment Act is taken seriously because there were much planning and work involved. The designation and duties of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Officer of the Comptroller of Currency, Office of Thrift Supervisors, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (just to name of few) comprise of so much detail and responsibilities.

Cadbury Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cadbury Business - Essay Example The company operates in more than 50 countries globally. The company is ahead of other food companies like Nestle and Swiss conglomerate. Though the company has been facing stiff competition from small producers who advocate for healthy eating, the company has made it to thrive and it still performs well financially. Many British consumers love the company and its products. The main products of the company are fruit sweets, toffees, pastilles, bubble and chewing mints. Macro environment Those are the external and factors which cannot be controlled that influence the decision making of an organization. The macro environment also affects the strategies and the performance of the organization. The macro environment includes such factors as the economic factors, social conditions, and demographics, political and legal conditions within the organization. The other factors may include the natural factors, and changes in technology. The micro environment has influence on competitors, change s in the cultural tastes, disastrous weather, changes in the government regulations and changes in interest rates. Key Performance indicators These are indicators which measures the extent to which an organization has accomplished its objectives. They are the tools that many organizations use in order to track and keep record their progress and the success they have achieved in the organization. They consist of asset of measurable objectives which are predetermined for a specific organization and the indicators can involve any aspect of the organization which is considered to be important. For an organization to come up with an effective performance indicator, it must stipulate the mission of the organization first which would clearly define the goals and the objectives of the organization. The goals set out by the organization should be measurable and all the stakeholders in the organization must be involved in formulating such goals. The performance indicators can be presented in form of charts or reports. The key performance indicators provide an insight into the strengths and performance of an organization which is usually based or determined by the predefined measures specified by the organization. The method that an organization may chose to display the performance may vary, as it largely depends on the objective that was being measured and the audience which was targeted. Key performance indicators are different for each and every organization since they depend on the type of the business or organization and the specific objectives being measured. The objectives of any given organization can either be non financial or financial. In our case for the Cadbury, the organization uses number of sales made as the key performance indicator. The Cadbury Company also uses the comparison between different trading years profit with a target of the percentage they want in each and every year. Once a company or organization comes up with a specific key performance in dicator, it becomes very hard to change it unless the goals of the organization change. The key performance indicator should be maintained stable so that the progress of the organization can be efficiently and effectively monitored. The Cadbury Company has tried to maintain its performance indicator for many years and this has enabled the company to monitor its progress against other competitors in the industry. This has also enabled the Cadbury

Hitler And National Socialism In Germany Essay Example for Free

Hitler And National Socialism In Germany Essay Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 at Braunau an Inn on the Austrian side of the border with Germany. In 1913 he left Vienna for Munich and in August 1914 he joined a Bavarian infantry battalion and spent the next four years of the First World War on the western front, where he was promoted to the rank of corporal and generally served with distinction. At the end of the war, amid considerable revolutionary fervour in Germany, he returned to Munich and joined the German Workers Party, a counter-revolutionary movement dedicated to the principles of German national socialism, as opposed to Jewish Marxism or Russian Bolshevism. In February 1920 the party took the name National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP, Nazi for short) and set out its 25- point party programme. The name at the bottom of the document is not Hitlers that of Anton Drexler, who set up the German Workers Party in Munich. Although Hitler had only been a member of the party for a year, the twenty-five points reveal the influence of his ideas. The programme contained many of the policies that became associated with the Nazis when they gained power constitutionally in 1933. In November 1923 Hitler entered Landsberg prison; he remained there until his release in December 1924. To all practical intents and purposes his party had ceased to exist and it was perhaps as well for the fuehrer that he had to withdraw from all political activity, for the general climate was not propitious. Inflation had come to an end, and after experiencing some severe shocks in her domestic and foreign affairs, Germany entered a period of relative calm and stability. For the time being, at any rate, this reduced the appeal that the extremist movements of both right and left had for the public. Stability was not to last and in retrospect the mid-twenties appear to have provide the Nazis with the necessary interlude in which to prepare themselves for the great onslaught on the Weimar Republic which too place towards the end of the decade. Hitlers stay in prison, almost as merry and certainly as comfortable as that described in Johann Strauss famous operetta, provided him with a welcome opportunity to put some of his ideas in writing, thus giving National Socialism a doctrine of sorts. On foreign policy in particular National Socialism had been rather weak, frequently contradictory; Hitler must have felt an urgent need to give his movement some guidance in this field when, in 1926, he wrote the sections on a future German policy in the last part of Mein Kampf, and when, in 1928, he dictated his second book entirely devoted to foreign political questions, destined not to appear in print in his lifetime. In these writings Hitlers views about Russia and Bolshevism were systematically developed for the first and last time; essentially, they did not undergo any major change throughout the rest of his life. Hitler and National Socialism in Germany While Hitler was in prison the leaderless National Socialist movement split into several factions. Some Bavarian Nazis decided to follow a more radical left-wing line, mainly in order to attract Communists; there was some vague idea of a division of labour between the extremes. You hang the Jews, well hang the other capitalists, some Communists are alleged to have replied. But since this demagoguery alienated the lower middle class, which was, after all, the backbone of Nazism, the political line eventually was changed, and Communism again became a dangerous enemy. In the west of Germany, there was but little hope of attracting workers with the anti-leftist slogans that had been successful in Munich before 1923. The brothers Gregor and Otto Strasser, as well as young Dr Goebbels, who built up the Nazi Party in west Germany, decided on a much more radical approach, and one which led to open conflict within the Nazi movement and eventually to a showdown. In October 1932, when the economic crisis in the West had reached its peak, the official organ of the Nazis declared: The five year plan has ceased to be a theory. It has become a reality, a hateful, but one that must be taken into account. The relative success of the plan made a deep impression in these circles; its cost and the many unnecessary victims it demanded did not worry the Nazis; on the contrary, the Gewaltmensch Stalin became for some of them almost an attractive figure. Yet it did not make them more friendly disposed towards Communism. They stressed in their propaganda now that the Soviet menace in the East had grown and that only a National Socialist Germany could successfully withstand the Bolshevik tide. National Socialism, they said, would defend Germany not for capitalism, which was bankrupt- it was certainly not worth while to shed ones blood for this. Germany would be saved only by an idea, a new organic social order- namely, National Socialism. In 1945 German historians were confronted with a completely new challenge. The defeat of National Socialist Germany in the Second World War not meant the Germans had lost the war but now also had to face being held accountable for political crimes of previously inconceivable proportions. American historians explain this after 1945 with a politically undesirable development in Germany that is supposed to have reached from Luther to Hitler; the rise and fall of the Third Reich was thus merely the inevitable end thereof. The two leading German historians of the immediate postwar period, Friedrich Meinecke and Gerhard Ritter, both having distanced themselves considerably from the Third Reich, believed the entire tradition of the German national state to be in great danger. In 1946 Meinecke therefore tried to represent the Third Reich as the German catastrophe, for which he held the National Socialism and its demonic leader Hitler responsible. Ritter even claimed in 1948 that National Socialism was not a specifically German phenomenon, but had instead been caused by the crisis in European democracy in the twentieth century. Both failed to include National Socialism in the continuity of German history, but instead chose to interpret it as a historical break with tradition. After the erection of the Berlin Wall, and the subsequent crisis in the Federal Republic of Germany, this form of dealing with Germanys past was radically challenged. Fritz Fischers book on Germanys grip for world power in the First World War showed that even the imperial government, led by Wilhelm II had followed an expansive imperialist policy- by no means was Hitler the first to do so. The continuity of German politics in the twentieth century, which most of the West German historians had vehemently denied, was thus once again on the scholarly agenda. This led to the first big Historikerstreit in the mid-1960s in the Federal Republic of Germany, who by those who believed a degree of continuity from imperialist to National Socialist Germany existed. In particular, the development of National Socialism was seen as the result of a historical singular path (Sonderweg), which only German society had followed in 1871, when the Reich was founded. The central argument of this interpretation of National Socialism consists in blaming the continued existence of pre-industrial and authoritarian societal structures for the lack of drastic modernisation in Germany. Without a successful bourgeois revolution, Germany was thus helpless when faced with the attack of authoritarian- oriented political forces. Seen from this point of view, National Socialism thus appears as the result of the opposition of national-conservative elite against the societal process of transformation in Germany that had been gathering momentum since 1919. In order to support this interpretation, less focus was placed on German politics since 1919 and more on German society during the Empire. It was National Socialism, not the Hitler Youth, that made such a powerful appeal to young Germans, above all by its activist character. In vivid contrast to the interminable discussions of the Biinde, elaborating ideals that were to be realized in some indefinite future, Hitler affirmed that the hour had already struck; the day of national salvation had arrived. The Biinde had wanted their members to understand that all the different aspects and facets of the political problem had to be studied, each from its own angle, before a political judgement could be valid and comprehensive. Commendable in itself, this relativistic approach was also their weakness, and made them an easier prey to the fanaticism and one-sidedness of National Socialism. While the Biinde were talking about sacrifice, their rivals were demanding, and getting, immediate action. Facing the rising tide of National Socialism, more and more of the biinische youth feared that history would pass them by, and felt incapable of remaining inactive. The cry for political engagement awakened a profound response in such a period of disarray and desperation. It must be remembered that the middle classes were hardly less seriously hit by unemployment than the working class; every thing seemed undermined by the general economic decline and the spectre of academic and white-collared poverty was becoming a grim reality. Choosing Hitler was not an act of political decision, not the choice of a known programme or ideology; it was simply joining a quasi-religious mass movement as an act of faith. Rational misgivings about the relevance of Hitlers professions of the solution of Germanys real problems cannot have been entirely absent from the minds of many, but they were perfectly willing to surrender their own critical judgment. It meant abandoning democracy and freedom as impotent and discredited ideas and trusting the Fiihrer, who would know best what to do.

Terrorism Essay: American Gestapo :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

American Gestapo A land that calls itself the "Beacon of Freedom and Democracy" has strange ways of demonstrating the accuracy of this claim. Tuesday its leader signed an executive order to the defense department that allows suspected terrorists to be tried by US military courts in US or abroad (provided the suspects are not US citizens). The orders are said to include people who have "aided or abetted" terrorists or those aiming to "to cause injury to the United States, its citizens, national security, foreign policy or economy." "It is not practicable..." it says, to apply "...the principles of law and the rules of evidence generally recognized..." The military tribunals will be allowed secret, closed hearings and can sentence suspects by a majority of two thirds of the judges (US officers of the armed forces). Same majority is needed to give the verdict of execution. No appeal is possible. First we have the interesting fact that even though the "Declaration of Independence", so hallowed by US of A, says that "all men are created equal" it seems very clear that to the present regime US citizens are "more" equal than non-citizens. Secondly, the notion that US arrogantly claims the right to set up military tribunals on foreign soil, secretly or not, to try foreign nationals, is an outrage to all democratically minded people around throughout world with more than the faintest notion of legality and justice. Thirdly the sweeping powers of the tribunals will be on a scale inviting the police fascist state to emerge without much to stop it. The Gestapo in Nazi Germany had those kinds of powers. There was no appeal to verdicts and decisions were made in secret by people there to "defend" the state against "terrorists" and other enemies. In combination with all the other anti-terrorist laws (and secret orders), that have been signed by the US president, its defense Secretary and Secretary of Justice, that discard like wasted stationery many amendments in the Bill of Rights (wiretapping, spying, searches, detention etc), this order adds to the undermining of the foundation of legality in a way that can be used by unscrupulous men to limit the freedoms of citizens in pursuing their own agenda. Gestapo didn't discriminate between nationals and non-nationals, btw. It is not unknown that certain states have decided, usually after meetings with some high-ranking military or politicians, to execute people considered to be a danger to the nation, the system or the regime. Terrorism Essay: American Gestapo :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics American Gestapo A land that calls itself the "Beacon of Freedom and Democracy" has strange ways of demonstrating the accuracy of this claim. Tuesday its leader signed an executive order to the defense department that allows suspected terrorists to be tried by US military courts in US or abroad (provided the suspects are not US citizens). The orders are said to include people who have "aided or abetted" terrorists or those aiming to "to cause injury to the United States, its citizens, national security, foreign policy or economy." "It is not practicable..." it says, to apply "...the principles of law and the rules of evidence generally recognized..." The military tribunals will be allowed secret, closed hearings and can sentence suspects by a majority of two thirds of the judges (US officers of the armed forces). Same majority is needed to give the verdict of execution. No appeal is possible. First we have the interesting fact that even though the "Declaration of Independence", so hallowed by US of A, says that "all men are created equal" it seems very clear that to the present regime US citizens are "more" equal than non-citizens. Secondly, the notion that US arrogantly claims the right to set up military tribunals on foreign soil, secretly or not, to try foreign nationals, is an outrage to all democratically minded people around throughout world with more than the faintest notion of legality and justice. Thirdly the sweeping powers of the tribunals will be on a scale inviting the police fascist state to emerge without much to stop it. The Gestapo in Nazi Germany had those kinds of powers. There was no appeal to verdicts and decisions were made in secret by people there to "defend" the state against "terrorists" and other enemies. In combination with all the other anti-terrorist laws (and secret orders), that have been signed by the US president, its defense Secretary and Secretary of Justice, that discard like wasted stationery many amendments in the Bill of Rights (wiretapping, spying, searches, detention etc), this order adds to the undermining of the foundation of legality in a way that can be used by unscrupulous men to limit the freedoms of citizens in pursuing their own agenda. Gestapo didn't discriminate between nationals and non-nationals, btw. It is not unknown that certain states have decided, usually after meetings with some high-ranking military or politicians, to execute people considered to be a danger to the nation, the system or the regime.

The Destructive Cross-Examination of Socrates

Socrates spent most of his life in Athens. During his life he witnessed the rise and glory of Athens and the rapid decline of Athens during the Peloponnesian war. Socrates met and talked with a variety of people such as politicians, statesmen, sophists, poets, architects, and ordinary citizens. He taught philosophy to the youth of Athens, devoted friends, and pupils like Crito. Plato was one of Socrates’ students, and he is considered to be most brilliant student of Socrates. In fact, Plato is the major source of knowledge about Socrates’ life.Socrates questioned and cross-examined Athenians about their moral, religious, and political beliefs. People found it difficult to understand him. His habits were strange, and his arguments were hard to understand. Socrates created a revolution in Greek philosophy. Plato portrayed this revolution in Defence of Socrates, Euthyphro, and Crito. Socratic Method is characterized by asking questions. When Socrates talks, he asks the que stions all the time. He teaches and refutes with questions. He talks to people with questions.The central element that upset the Athenians was the destructive cross-examination of the principles and beliefs that Athenians lived by, which consequently led to Socrates’ death because his contemporaries did not want to admit their own ignorance. Socrates was searching for the meaning of things; he wanted proof of what was defined which would give logical reason for itself. The fact that really hurt Athenians was the attack of the most fundamental principles of Athenian life. Socrates did not recruit people to follow him; rather he went out and asked them their views.His lectures were not characterized by forcing his ideas onto other people. The individuals brought their point of views on particular subject in dialogues set up by Socrates. Socrates’ way of testing or challenging a belief is by seeing what believer is committed to. A man, who makes a statement, especially in debate with Socrates, must be careful what he claims to know. One of the examples is a dialogue between Euthyphro and Socrates. They both have pending lawsuits. Socrates is accused of impiety, and Euthyphro is going to prosecute his own father.Euthyphro’s father is charged with killing a day-laborer. According to Euthyphro his actions to prosecute his father is a model for piety. It doesn’t matter if the guilty one is a relative or a stranger, murder is murder. Euthyphro justified his actions by saying that he knows what holy or unholy is. Socrates wants to know what is holy or unholy since he was accused of impiety, and it seems that Euthyphro has exact knowledge of religion. The discussion between Socrates and Euthyphro illustrate an alternative approach to answer.Euthyphro’s answer to what is holy is in a form that lists individual actions. Socrates presents the questions that are mutually exclusive. For example,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is the holy loved by the gods be cause it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved? † He asks plenty of questions like that. Euthyphro (the respondent) has to make a choice between the alternatives presented. Socrates accepts what is a false answer to his question. The dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro demonstrated the untruth. The definition of holy was not discovered. This cross examination made Euthyphro very uncomfortable.As Socrates demonstrated, Euthyphro did not have exact knowledge of religion and what holy or unholy is. If Euthyphro, who is professionally devoted to religion, cannot produce an adequate answer or some valid criterion of holy, it is hardly to be expected that Athenian citizens will provide intelligent answers to such questions. Socrates was charged with irreligion, impiety, and corruption of youth. The Defence of Socrates is divided into three speeches. The opening is the criticism of the peroration in the court, and Socrates is carried away by the speeches of his accusers. His defense is based on the word â€Å"truth. At the beginning of the speech he makes it clear that he is interested only in truth: â€Å"†¦ my accusers have said little or nothing true; whereas from me you shall hear the whole truth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The speeches in court generally have no relation to truth. The speakers aim to persuade others in believing what the speaker is saying. Socrates is compelled to make speech in court to defend himself. Socrates replaces the speech that is common in Athenian courts and exercises his own kind of cross-examination, whenever law permits him to do so. He proceeds according to his method of examining by questions and answers.Also, he wishes to converse with judges for more than one day and perhaps convince them that his accusers are wrong. Socrates acquired a bad reputation because he has some special wisdom as his accusers are saying. This is based on the account of Chaerephon, Socrates’ friend. Chaerephon asked the Delphic oracle who is the wisest. The oracle’s answer was that Socrates is the wisest. When Socrates heard the story, he was perplexed how this possibly could be the truth. Socrates went and questioned poets, craftsman, and politicians. He made enemies for himself during his quest for wisdom. Socrates realized and †¦formed opinion that, although the man thought to be wise by many other people, and especially himself, yet in reality he was not. † Through this process Socrates came to conclusion that only god is truly wise, and Socrates’ wisdom is worth nothing. With this confession Socrates sets up tension against the absurd charge of impiety. For Socrates, piety refers to his mission based on the conviction that he and others are ignorant. Socrates exposed through examination the ignorance of others. They claimed they knew something, when in fact they did not know anything. Socrates made people think and find the truth.Once they were exposed to Socrates questioning, they real ized they were ignorant and no truth was found. Because Athenians had a reputation to protect, they brought absurd charges against him. Next, the whole populations of Athens, the judges, the members of the Assembly are claiming to be educators, except Socrates. This absurd exaggeration expresses the sophistic relativism and is ironic, since Socrates is accused of being a sophist. We must make a clear distinction between the two. First, sophists charged fees for their services, next sophists in Athens were not citizens and they traveled throughout the Greek world.Finally, the sophist would use or find the argument that worked the best and did not care whether they uncovered the truth. Socrates did not charge fees, was an Athenian citizen, and believed in uncovering the truth. Additionally, there is another absurdity concealed in Socrates’ indictment. Socrates asks Meletos if he is corrupting youth intentionally or unintentionally. Meletos replies without hesitation-intentional ly. Socrates said that his wrongdoing is impossible. If Socrates is so stupid that he does not realize that he harms other, then he must do it unintentionally.Also, Socrates makes a clever remark towards Meletus: â€Å"Are you so much smarter at your age than mine as to realize that the bad have a harmful impact upon their closest companions at any given time, whereas the good have a beneficial effect? † Socrates explains that if he is corrupting youth he must do it unintentionally, and according to the law he should not be brought to court based on such a mistake. To add, he explains other reasons why alleged corruption of youth might be happening. Since all others are teachers of the youth, they should teach the youth justice and what is right.Evidently, they failed to do so, since Socrates has so many loyal followers. Finally, there is Socrates’ defense against the charge that he does not honor gods. According to Socrates, this charge is too vague. He asked his accu ser to make the point more precisely and explain it. Socrates begins to ask Meletos a series of questions. One of the Meletus’ charges is that Socrates does not acknowledge gods and claims that the sun and the moon are made of rocks. Socrates exclaims that this is mistaken identity. It is Anaxagoras of Clazomenae who made such a claim in his books which you can get anywhere for a cheap price.Socrates makes another clever remark that he does not believe that members of jury are illiterate and therefore they should know that Meletus’ charge is absurd. Furthermore, Socrates questioned Meletus and came to conclusion that according to Meletus, Socrates believes in some sort of spiritual being. Socrates ends with the question: â€Å" How could you possibly persuade anyone with even slightest intelligence that someone who accepts spiritual beings does not also accepts divine ones, and again that the same person also accepts neither spirits nor gods nor heroes? Socrates refut ed the charge of impiety by showing through questioning, that he could not be a despiser of gods since he believes in spiritual beings and descendants of gods. Socrates exposed Meletos self-contradiction, ignorance, and ignorance of the judges and jury, since they allowed charges to be brought to the court. In addition, Socrates takes unmistakable delight in the process of uncovering one’s ignorance. Following the custom, Socrates must propose the proper penalty for himself. Socrates considers a variety of punishments. He examined his own life.He believed that he fulfilled the duty towards the whole community by examining others and himself and did not wrong anybody. The exile would not be appropriate punishment. Socrates proposes that his penalty should be free meals, since he is doing a good thing in Athens. Socrates stands his ground as is portrayed in the third part of his speech. He accepts his death penalty, but also he warns his executioners that putting people to deat h will not prevent anyone from living unjustly and in ignorance. Socrates is convinced that his philosophical life of examining his own and other Athenians beliefs and actions is his duty.He does not fear death. He does not know if death is good or bad. Socrates warns Athenians not to value wealth, power, and prestige more than moral excellence. The moral excellence is the best possible state of one’s soul. Socrates commitment to reasoned argument is evident in Crito. There, in conversation with Crito, Socrates justifies his decision to remain in prison. Crito listed the reasons why Socrates should escape. First, Crito does not want to lose a friend, next what will other think that Crito doesn’t want to make sacrifice for his friend.Socrates begins with the reply that he must follow the logic: â€Å"I cannot reject the very principle that I previously adopted, just because this fate has overtaken me; rather they appeared to me much the same as ever, and I respect and honor the same ones that I did before. † This principle is within him and appears to be the best, regardless of situation. Additionally, Socrates examined his own morality. For Socrates, the greatest good is to be prudent and evil is to be imprudent. Prudence is the ability to act by use of reason and allows to distinguish when acts are reckless, cowardly or courageous.Socrates, also examined other of his principles such as not to do injustice, not to do bad things to other human beings, obey the laws of Athens, which he voluntary accepted. Yet again through the questioning of his own principles and in dialogue with Crito, Socrates comes to conclusion, that one shouldn’t care what other people think, but think what is just or unjust. If Socrates would escape, he would violate the sacred laws of Athens. The escape would be unjust. Socrates reasoned that if he would escape, the life time of his work would be destroyed.He dedicated his life to justice, to the state, and th e law. Socrates must confirm his teachings trough his actions. On the whole, Socrates during his lifetime pursued the truth. For Socrates, the truth was the only moral anchor in uncertain world. His method was direct. He asked questions in dialogues with anyone who would engage in conversation. This dialectic process was a purifying process. Similar to water filter, removing all the scum and sediment until results were pure. Socrates revealed through this process what is untruth.For Socrates, the inner truth is covered by the layers of untruth, and he tried to peel them away. This method is also known as negative method-eliminate what leads to contradiction. Socrates forced his contemporaries to re-evaluate, reflect and reconsider their beliefs. He did this in the ways that left people with uncertainty, in the state of unease, and realization of their own ignorance (but not admitting to it) as Plato portrayed in Euthyphro, Crito and Defence of Socrates. Furthermore, the Oracle of De lphi response to Chaerephon, who is the wisest man, provided Socrates with insights to education.The most powerful motivation to learning is acknowledgment of own ignorance. Next, Socratic Method seeks to find universal definition. Socrates believed that all things have something essential within them which can be uncovered by reason. The essential properties can be summarized in definition. For example, he seeks to find the definition what is holy or unholy in Euthyphro. The results of Socrates enquires in search for truth, knowledge, and wisdom through cross-examination, led to his death, because his contemporaries did not to want admit their own ignorance.

Ernie Davis Essay

A three-time All-American halfback and 1961 Heisman Trophy winner, Ernie Davis would go on to win MVP title in both the Cotton Bowl and the Liberty Bowl, and was inducted into the College Football Hall Of Fame in 1979. He was the first African American man to win the Heisman Trophy, and to be picked 1st overall in the NFL draft. His career was cut short when he was diagnosed with cancer in 1962. Athlete. American Football player. Ernie Davis was born on December 14, 1939 in New Salem, Pennsylvania, USA. He is the first African American man to win the Heisman Trophy and the first black athlete to be chosen 1st overall in the NFL Draft. A three-time All-American halfback and 1961 Heisman Trophy winner, Davis set yardage and scoring records at Syracuse University. He would go on to win MVP title in both the 1960 Cotton Bowl and the 1961 Liberty Bowl, and would be inducted into the College Football Hall Of Fame in 1979. His honors and accomplishments on the gridiron were matched only by his adversity off the field; As a black athlete playing many games in the south, he was the victim of racism on several occasions. The most publicized incident occurred when he was selected as the Cotton Bowl MVP in 1960. Davis was told by organizers that he would be allowed to accept his award at the post game banquet, and would immediately have to leave the segregated facility. Ernie refused to receive the award, and his entire team agreed to boycott the banquet. A man of firsts, Ernie Davis was the first African American man to win the Heisman Trophy, the first to join the prestigious Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity (a nationally recognized Jewish fraternity) and, in 1962, became the first African American player to be picked 1st overall in the NFL draft. Tragic Death Although the details are somewhat disputed, Davis’ contract was considered to be the most lucrative ever offered to an NFL rookie. His teammates and supporters looked forward to seeing Ernie sharing the backfield with the great Jim Brown, breaking countless records and leading the Cleveland Browns to a decade of victorious seasons. Those seasons would never come, however, as Ernie was diagnosed with acute monocytic leukemia during preparations for the 1962 College All Star Game. Although treatment had begun immediately, the disease would prove incurable and Ernie died on May 18, 1963 – Having never played a professional football game. Both the House and the Senate eulogized him, and his wake was in The Neighborhood House in Elmira, New York, where more than 10,000 mourners paid their respects. Accolades from JFK His character and his athletic accomplishments caught the eye of John F. Kennedy, who had followed Ernie’s college career and made several attempts to meet the star. In 1963, when he heard Ernie would be honored by his high school with a school holiday, the president sent a telegram reading: â€Å"Seldom has an athlete been more deserving of such a tribute. Your high standards of performance on the field and off the field, reflect the finest qualities of competition, sportsmanship and citizenship. The nation has bestowed upon you its highest awards for your athletic achievements. It’s a privilege for me to address you tonight as an outstanding American, and as a worthy example of our youth. I salute you.† Ernie Davis was the subject of the 2008 Universal Pictures film â€Å"The Express,† based on the non-fiction book Ernie Davis: The Elmira Express, by Robert C. Gallagher.

The Basics of Ethical Relativism essays

The Basics of Ethical Relativism essays Ethical relativism is defined by The Encyclopedia Britannica as, the doctrine that there are no absolute truths in ethics and that what is morally right or wrong varies from person to person or from society to society(ethical relativism,(04 Mar 2013). This is what I believe that author Lenn Goodman is talking about in his article, Some Moral Minima. In the article he discusses several topics that should be judged just because they are simply wrong and should be wrong by anyones standards. I agree with Goodman on the all the issues he discusses however I will only discuss a few such as slavery, genocide, terrorism, murder, rape, and incest. I agree with these issues because there is never a good reason to take away ones rights for the sake of gaining respect and wealth, kill for the sake of killing, or rape for the sake of sex. I agree with Goodman that these issues should be universally considered as wrong doings or acts of violence. He is basically discussing that every man, wom an and child have the right to live and be free from any and all inhumane treatment. The first topic Goodman discusses in his article is genocide, famine and germ warfare. In this section he discusses how it should be universally wrong to kill or let people die for any reason. Goodman states, Murder is wrong because it destroys a human subject. Warfare is not always wrong; it may be necessary to protect such subjects (Some Moral Minima.(2010), p. 88). I agree that warfare isnt always wrong, take a look at 9/11, many people were senselessly killed for reasons that we may never understand but we had to protect ourselves against the people who tried to harm us. The warfare we had to use in this case was to protect people here in the US as well as our troops deployed to other countries. Goodmans philosophy is almost that as the old saying do unto others as you would wa...

Shakespeare's Hamlet and Laertes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shakespeare's Hamlet and Laertes - Essay Example Both are then in the same position- their fathers have been murdered by people in high positions and it becomes their duty to avenge their death. This parallel is however valid only up to a limited extent. The motives behind the two murders differ, as do the means adopted for taking revenge by these two characters. Though the idea of avenging his father's death continues to reside at the back of Hamlet's mind throughout the play, yet his path is beset with obstacles. In this context, Shakespeare's emphasis seems to be more on the intellectual obstacles then the merely physical ones. First and foremost he had to ascertain whether the Ghost that met him in the beginning of the play is what it claims to be, or a dissembling spirit from hell, which had come to work his damnation. This dilemma of Hamlet is best expressed in his soliloquy at the end of Act II: Besides it takes Hamlet a considerable amount of time to adjust the notion of private revenge with his already accepted view that a benevolent God rules the world and reserves the punishment to Himself. On the contrary, when Laertes comes to know of his father's death, he immediately resolves to avenge Polonius' death and exhibits no scruples or qualms about his impetuous decision, taken in haste. The world of Laertes is not of deliberation and contemplation, but is a world beset with action and anger. Unlike Hamlet, he is not prone to pangs of conscience, nor is he hesitant about committing grave mistakes by succumbing to his passions. Such an impulsive mindset of Laertes is deftly expressed in his speech in Act IV, Scene v: To hell, Allegiance! Vows, to the blackest devil! Conscience and grace, to the profoundest pit! I dare damnation. To this point I stand, That both the worlds I give to negligence, Let come what comes; only I'll be reveng'd Most thoroughly for my father. Hamlet's very act of chiding Laertes during the burial of Ophelia is indicative of his personal growth and maturity, in contrast to Laertes' impetuosity. This attribute of Hamlet gets manifold magnified after his unambiguous confession of the intensity of his feelings for Ophelia. I love'd Ophelia; forty thousand brothers Could not, with all their quantity of love, Make up my sum. Laertes acts as a foil for Hamlet, which highlights the fact that Hamlet had succeeded in developing a deep sense of control and restraint over his passions and had successfully nurtured an ability to bear gracefully with his personal grief, a quality pathetically lacked by Laertes. The same sense of poise and restraint is exhibited by Hamlet, when he is provoked by Laertes' scathing words and actions. This utmost restraint of Hamlet in the face of Laertes' provocation becomes clear when he says: Thou pray'st not well. I prithee take thy fingers from my throat; For, though I am not splenitive and

The Race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Race - Essay Example is a function of the wage they receive" (Romaguera 14) is true, wages in minority neighborhoods may be lower, because they do not need to be higher. If one worker is not productive and is fired, there are many others waiting to take his or her place, who will work for the same wage. Again, the ability to purchase resources is reduced, due to lower income. The same concept can be applied to housing and rent, only reversed. "In 2000, the proportion of African American households that had obtained home ownership was 65% lower than the proportion of white households that had obtained homeownership" (Ohio State University 3). Therefore, the rental owner will seek to charge as much as demand will allow, regardless of race. This means that those living in less affluent neighborhoods may ultimately get less for their money, in terms of rental unit quality, amenities, and space. Social segmentation also affects the distribution of resources. It may not always do so directly, but by altering marketing efforts, based on clustering or categorization of specific geographic locations or types of customers, allocation is indirectly affected. In Asian Social Science December, 2008, Yingchun Guo ( 3-4) explains how clustering works for electric power consumers. The types of customers are divided into four categories. The highest ranking are those that consume more power and have good credit, while the lowest ranking group has less than idea credit and consumes less power. Marketing strategies are likely to focus more heavily on the highest ranking users, where the company stands to make the most profit. Those is the highest ranking group may be offered special rate packages and pricing that is... Ohio State University. Social/Economic Indicators: Comparing Brown Era Racial Disparities to Today." (April 2004). 11 Dec. 2009